# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# BioSTEAM: The Biorefinery Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis Modules
# Copyright (C) 2020-2023, Yoel Cortes-Pena <yoelcortes@gmail.com>
#
# This module is under the UIUC open-source license. See
# github.com/BioSTEAMDevelopmentGroup/biosteam/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
# for license details.
"""
.. contents:: :local:
.. autoclass:: biosteam.units.single_phase_reactor.SinglePhaseReactor
References
----------
.. [1] Seider, W. D.; Lewin, D. R.; Seader, J. D.; Widagdo, S.; Gani, R.;
Ng, M. K. Product and Process Design Principles. Wiley 2017.
"""
from .stirred_tank_reactor import AbstractStirredTankReactor
__all__ = ('SinglePhaseReactor',)
[docs]
class SinglePhaseReactor(AbstractStirredTankReactor):
'''
Class for a single phase stirred tank reactor, modeled as a pressure vessel with
a given aspect ratio and residence time. A pump-heat exchanger recirculation
loop is used to satisfy the duty, if any. By default, a turbine agitator is
also included if the power usage,`kW_per_m3` , is positive. A vacuum
system is also automatically added if the operating pressure is at a vacuum.
Parameters
----------
tau :
Residence time [hr].
T :
Operating temperature [K].
P :
Operating pressure [Pa].
dT_hx_loop :
Maximum change in temperature for the heat exchanger loop. Defaults to 5 K.
V_wf :
Fraction of working volume over total volume. Defaults to 0.8.
V_max :
Maximum volume of a reactor [m3]. Defaults to 355.
kW_per_m3:
Power usage of agitator. Defaults to 0.985 [kW / m3] converted from
5 hp/1000 gal as in [1]_, for liquid–liquid reaction or extraction.
vessel_material :
Vessel material. Defaults to 'Stainless steel 316'.
vessel_type :
Vessel type. Valid options are 'Horizontal' or 'Vertical'. Defaults to 'Vertical'
batch :
Whether to use batch operation mode. If False, operation mode is continuous.
Defaults to `continuous`.
tau_0 :
Cleaning and unloading time (if batch mode). Defaults to 3 hr.
N_reactors :
Number of reactors.
Notes
-----
The recirculation loop takes into account the required flow rate needed to
reach the maximum temperature change of the heat exchanger, `dT_hx_loop`.
Increasing `dT_hx_loop` decreases the required recirculation flow rate and
therefore decreases pump costs.
When parallel reactors are required, one recirculation loop (each with a
pump and heat exchanger) is assumed. Although it is possible to use the
same recirculation loop for all reactors, this conservative assumption allows
for each reactor to be operated independently from each other.
The capital cost for agitators are not yet included in
Examples
--------
Simulate the liquefaction of corn starch
(the enzymatic conversion of starch to glucose):
>>> import biosteam as bst
>>> from biorefineries import corn
>>> chemicals = corn.create_chemicals()
>>> bst.settings.set_thermo(chemicals)
>>> feed = bst.Stream('feed',
... phase='l',
... T=360.15, P=1.555e+06,
... Water=1.115e+05, Ethanol=0.1534,
... Ash=647.3, Yeast=16.68, CaO=4.73,
... TriOlein=1754, H2SO4=8.207, NH3=78.84,
... Starch=2.83e+04, Fiber=5548,
... SolubleProtein=1899, InsolubleProtein=2318,
... units='kg/hr'
... )
>>> reaction = bst.Reaction('Starch + H2O -> Glucose', 'Starch', 0.95)
>>> R1 = bst.SinglePhaseReactor('R1',
... ins=feed, outs='product',
... reaction=reaction,
... tau=0.9, V_wf=0.90, V_max=500.,
... kW_per_m3=0.6,
... )
>>> R1.simulate()
>>> R1.show('cwt')
SinglePhaseReactor: R1
ins...
[0] feed
phase: 'l', T: 360.15 K, P: 1.555e+06 Pa
composition (%): Water 73.3
Ethanol 0.000101
Ash 0.426
Yeast 0.011
CaO 0.00311
TriOlein 1.15
H2SO4 0.0054
... 25.1
-------- 1.52e+05 kg/hr
outs...
[0] product
phase: 'l', T: 360.15 K, P: 1.555e+06 Pa
composition (%): Water 71.4
Ethanol 0.000101
Glucose 19.6
Ash 0.426
Yeast 0.011
CaO 0.00311
TriOlein 1.15
... 7.41
-------- 1.52e+05 kg/hr
>>> R1.results()
Single phase reactor Units R1
Electricity Power kW 85.6
Cost USD/hr 6.69
Low pressure steam Duty kJ/hr 1.83e+06
Flow kmol/hr 47.4
Cost USD/hr 11.3
Design Reactor volume m3 142
Residence time hr 0.9
Vessel type Vertical
Length ft 38.6
Diameter ft 12.9
Weight lb 1.28e+05
Wall thickness in 1.6
Vessel material Stainless steel 316
Purchase cost Vertical pressure vessel USD 5.44e+05
Platform and ladders USD 3.6e+04
Heat exchanger - Floating head USD 2.16e+04
Recirculation pump - Pump USD 6.31e+03
Recirculation pump - Motor USD 670
Agitator - Agitator USD 5.77e+04
Total purchase cost USD 6.66e+05
Utility cost USD/hr 18
'''
_N_ins = _N_outs = 1
def _init(self, reaction, **kwargs):
super()._init(**kwargs)
self.reaction = reaction
def _run(self):
feed = self.ins[0]
product = self.outs[0]
product.copy_like(feed)
if self.adiabatic:
self.adiabatic_reaction(product)
else:
self.reaction(product)
if self.T is not None: product.T = self.T
if self.P is not None: product.P = self.P
